(1) Many modern Pretribulationists and other Dispensationalists (such as John Walvoord and Hal Lindsey) claim that most (if not all) of the first Early Church Fathers were Rapturists. Such believe Jesus could return "any moment" to resurrect dead Christians and then secretly "rapture" His dwindling though still-living Church "up in the air" before "the great tribulation" of ungodly earthlings. Thereafter, the Church would then return and rule with Christ on Earth for a thousand years ¾ until God would resurrect the wicked dead.

(2) That notion (called "Chiliasm") is false. Neither the Church of the Older Testament (even when under foreign domination) nor the always-struggling and often-persecuted Church of the Newer Testament (even till the fourth century) ever expected to dwindle or to be whisked away; but only to conquer this great planet Earth under her victorious Messiah. That Church expected God not to the rapture her ¾ but to heal the World His Son had come to save.

(3) During the fourth century, the Church's expectations and efforts were partially realized ¾ at the nominal christianization of the Pagan Roman Empire. For the victory-orientated Church of the first four centuries was overwhelmingly anti-chiliastic, and totally anti-pretribulationistic.

(4) Even the famous Premillennial Scholar Prof. George Eldon Ladd insists against Pretribulationism that "every Church Father who deals with this subject, expects the Church to suffer at the hands of Antichrist.... We can find no trace of Pretribulationism in the Early Church. And no modern Pretribulationist has successfully proved that this particular doctrine was held by any of the Church Fathers or Students of the Word before the nineteenth century."

(5) There is no trace at all of Dispensationalistic Pretribulationism in the Early Church Fathers. Neither is there any trace of it in later Church History, prior to the sudden occurrence of the 'tongues-speaking' Irvingites around A.D. 1830. See the Premillennialist Dave MacPherson's books: The Unbelievable Pre-Trib Origin (1973); The Late Great Pre-Trib Rapture (1974); and The Incredible Cover-Up: The True Story of the Pre-Trib Rapture (1975).

(6) Only after 1830 was this novel pretribulationistic eschatology speedily disseminated. This was done in Britain by the Plymouth Brethrenist J.N. Darby. It was thereafter done especially in the United States by C.I. Scofield, D.L. Moody, and L.S. Chafer ¾ and by dispensationalistic Seminaries such as Dallas (Texas) and Grace (Indiana). But it was disseminated only minimally outside of those circles (and particularly outside of Britain and the United States right down to our present time).

(7) The Bible does, of course, teach the future physical catching up in the air of the saints at the Second Coming of Christ in Final Judgment. Matthew 24:31-40 cf. First Thessalonians 4:13-17. Yet the Bible does not teach the "chiliastic" idea of a "double resurrection." For the idea that a future physical "rapture" of the living saints (right after a physical resurrection of the dead saints) would be followed by a thousand-years-long visible reign of Christ Himself here on this Earth prior to the physical resurrection of the wicked dead ¾ is unknown to Holy Scripture.

(8) Sometimes attempts are made to establish this extra-Biblical teaching ¾ by appealing to the solitary and difficult-to-understand passage Revelation 20:3-7. But the teaching of Chiliasm is not at all derived from the Bible. Instead, it is derived from Babel ¾ via pagan Zoroastrianism. See (18)ff.

(9) The chiliastic "double resurrection" teaching ¾ the doctrine of two millennially-separated physical resurrections ¾ is foreign to Holy Scripture. Pessimistic "Chiliasm" is the very opposite of the optimistic doctrine of a future "Golden Age" of spiritual and physical prosperity on Earth ¾ some time between the present and the resurrection of all mankind at the Final Judgment.

(10) "Chiliasm" and the future "Golden Age Millennium" preclude one another. Seventh-day Adventists are chiliastic; and they reject a "Golden Age Millennium" here on Earth prior to the Final Judgment. Conversely, the anti-chiliastic 1658 Calvinian Savoy Declaration (26:4f) of Britain's Puritan Congregationalists ¾ expects 'an earthly Golden Age' at some future time before Christ's visible return at the simultaneous resurrection of all flesh.

(11) Now the Older Testament ¾ just like the later Puritans who believed it ¾ clearly teaches that the (first) advent of the Messiah would be followed (sooner or later) by a long period of prosperity (of undeclared length), right here on Earth. Moreover, this prosperous period would occur prior to the simultaneous physical resurrection of the godly dead and the wicked dead ¾ right before the Final Judgment.

(12) Between the times of the Older Testament and the Newer Testament of the same Covenant of Grace, the Israelitic Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha similarly teach that the then-prophesied soon advent of the Messiah would in due course be followed by long-lasting earthly blessings. During that time, Satan would be bound. That time of binding would in turn itself be succeeded by the contemporaneous physical resurrection of the blessed dead and the wicked dead. For both the blessed dead and the wicked dead would be resurrected unto judgment, right prior to the inauguration of the eternal state.

(13) Also the Newer Testament (including Revelation chapter twenty) says that Christ's Messianic reign will constantly increase toward a 'Golden Age.' That reign commenced at His first advent, with His incarnation and His earthly preaching of the Kingdom of God. And that realm got underway especially at His resurrection from the dead and His ascension and heavenly session.

(14) Since then, His reign has been expanding continually. It will keep on effecting glorious improvements to the condition of the Earth and its various inhabitants ¾ until it brings blessings World-wide. Then, a "thousand years" after that ¾ thus Revelation chapter twenty ¾ Christ will simultaneously resurrect the dead saints and the wicked dead unto their final reward or punishment at the end of History.

(15) Thus, Revelation chapter twenty's "first resurrection" ¾ refers to the spiritual awakening of the elect, whenever they are regenerated by the Gospel-preaching of the Kingdom of God. And Revelation chapter twenty's "living again" of the "rest of the dead" refers to the physical resurrection of the wicked, at the time when all the dead will physically be resurrected simultaneously. That physical resurrection will be for the purpose of administering rewards or punishments at the Final Judgment ¾ right prior to the commencement of the eternal state.

(16) Moreover, not even one of the books of the so-called New Testament Apocrypha ¾ which are often highly eschatological, and which frequently refer to Holy Scripture and to various doctrines of the Early Christian Church ¾ ever advocated the chiliastic "two resurrections" theory. The plain truth is: Chiliasm is neither Old-Testamentical, Ancient-Apocryphal, Pseudepigraphical, New-Testamentical, Neo-Apocryphal, or Early-Patristic. Instead, it is a Mid-Patristic minority viewpoint ¾ derived from Zoroastrian Paganism.

(17) Where, then, did the unscriptural chiliastic teaching of the "double resurrection" come from? Whence arose this teaching of a physical resurrection of the saints separated by a thousand years from a subsequent physical resurrection of the wicked? Not from the Bible ¾ but from Babel!

(18) Bavinck and Hoekstra trace this teaching back to the ancient pagan religions of Babylon and Persia. From Babylon, it would seem, the doctrine spread into Persia ¾ giving rise to Zoroastrian Chiliasm. Then, centuries later, through the agency of Oriental religions such as Mithraism and Mandaeism and Manichaeism then prevalent in the Roman Empire ¾ the teaching began to influence the thinking even of some of the Christians in the West.

(19) This was the case especially in pseudo-glossolalic Phrygia among the many heterodox and 'tongues-speaking' Montanists or Proto-Pentecostalists ¾ from the middle of the second century of the Christian era onward. Sadly, this was also the case regarding the eschatology of the non-glossolalic and largely-orthodox Justin Martyr and Irenaeus ¾ whose views even in other theological areas (such as soteriology, sacramentology and ecclesiology) were somewhat tinged with errors (of which they themselves seem to be unaware).

(20) During the three hundred years before the Christian Era ¾ the B.C. Israelites had lived closer to the Bible! No traces of a chiliastic doctrine of two widely-separated physical "double resurrections" can be found in their writings then ¾ until some of the Israelites judaized by rejecting Jesus the Christ of the Bible, in favour of themselves as a false-christ from Babel.

(21) Now even the post-apostolic so-called "Christian Chiliasm" of Justin Martyr and Irenaeus had nothing to do with the idea of the arrival of a future earthly Golden Age. The latter was clearly revealed even from the beginning of God's dealings with man. For the Pre-Christian pagan ideas of a (Messianic) Golden Age, are but (perverted) remnants of God's original revelation to all men prior to the Great Flood and the Great Dispersion from the Tower of Babel onward. And those remnants were subsequently kept alive by God's continuing revelations, in various ways, to all men.

(22) It was only from the middle of the second century A.D. onward, then, that the Babylonian-Persian chiliastic idea of two widely-separated physical resurrections began to expand even on the fringes of the Christian Church. First it influenced Sub-Christian groups like the Cerinthians, Ebionites, and the Montanists ¾ cf. too the modern Mormons, Pentecostalists, Seventh-day Adventists, and Jehovah's Witnesses. And then it ultimately influenced even some of the authentically-Christian groups themselves.

(23) The first authentically-Christian thinker writtenly to advocate a kind of "Chiliasm" was Justin Martyr the Samaritan. This was around 150 A.D. Yet even Justin only sometimes advocated a "Christian Chiliasm" ¾ and indeed a kind of "Chiliasm" quite unlike that of modern Premillennialists.

(24) Moreover, Justin always acknowledged that Chiliasm was always only one of a number of opinions among those early Christians ¾ noting that "many who belong to the pure and pious Faith, and are True Christians, think other-wise."²⁵ This means he did not regard his own chiliastic opinion as a test of orthodoxy, but freely admitted that "many" of "the pure and pious" among the "True Christians" think "otherwise." Certainly there is no trace of Chiliasm among "True Christians" before Justin in any of the words of John the Baptizer, Jesus, any of the Apostles, the Apostolic Fathers, or the Earliest Apologists ¾ all of whom seem to have been Postmillennialists.

(25) Thus The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles alias the Didachee reminds both God and Christians around A.D. 97: "Let Your Church be gathered together from the ends of the Earth! ... Remember, Lord, Your Church..., and assemble it from the four winds! ... For this is that which was spoken by the Lord: 'In every place and time, offer to Me a pure sacrifice! For...My Name shall be wonderful among the nations.'" Malachi 1:11-14.

(26) Also the Epistle of Barnabas around A.D. 98 declares: "The Scripture says concerning us [Genesis 1:28]...: 'Multiply and fill the Earth! ... Have dominion over it!' ... We, having been quickened and being kept alive by the faith of the promise and by the World, shall live, ruling over the Earth.... To govern implies authority, so that one should command and rule.... Christ was the Son of David.... He says [Psalm 110], 'The Lord said to my Lord, "You must keep on sitting at My right hand, until I make Your enemies Your footstool!"' And again, this is what Isaiah [45:1f] says: 'The Lord said to Christ, "My Lord Whose right hand I have held so that the nations shall yield obedience before Him!"'"

(27) Clement of Rome about A.D. 99 enjoins the godly: "Let us hasten with all energy...to perform every good work! For the Creator...formed man...and said: 'Increase and multiply!' We see, then, how all righteous men have been adorned with good works.... Let us without delay accede to His will, and let us work the work of righteousness with our whole strength! ... Concerning His Son, the Lord spoke thus...: 'I will give You the nations for Your inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the Earth for Your possession.... You must keep on sitting at My right hand, until I make Your enemies Your footstool!' [Psalms 2 & 110].... Let us then, men and brethren, with all energy ¾ act the part of soldiers, in accordance with His Holy Commandments!"

(28) Also the Pastor of Hermas wrote around A.D. 100: "Increase and build up and rule over the whole creation! ... The building...will be finished.... When the tower is finished and built ¾ then comes the end.... I was met by a Beast of such a size that it could destroy peoples [Revelation 13:3f]. But through the power of the Lord and His great mercy, I escaped from it.... It will be possible for you to escape it, if your heart be pure...and you spend the rest of the days of your life in serving the Lord.... Cast your cares upon the Lord, and He will direct them! Trust the Lord! ... For He is all-powerful!"

(29) Ignatius said in 107: "Victory over death was obtained in Christ.... Stand firm, like an anvil which is beaten! It is the part of a noble athlete to be wounded ¾ and yet to conquer! ... Run your race with increasing energy! Weigh the times carefully! While you are here, be a conqueror!"

(30) The Epistle to Diognetus declared about 130: "The Christians, though subjected day by day to punishment, increase the more in number.... Do you not see them exposed to the wild beasts so that they may be persuaded to deny the Lord? And yet, they are not overcome! Do you not see that the more of them who are punished, the greater becomes the number of the rest? This does not seem to be the work of man. This is the power of God!"

(31) Papias, who flourished around 145, was a Disciple of that very great Postmillennialist, the Apostle John ¾ who wrote his non-dispensationalistic Gospel (John 5:24-26) and his Book of Revelation (20:1-15). Papias never advocated the chiliastic doctrine of the "double resurrections" ¾ although both he and Barnabas did, of course, refer to the different and Scriptural doctrine of the Earth's future Golden Age. In actual fact, both Barnabas and Papias were ¾ in the technical sense ¾ not Premillennialists but Postmillennialists (alias Consistent "Amillennialists"). See (61)ff.

(32) The A.D. 150 Justin Martyr, then, was the first 'Christian Chiliast' ¾ at least occasionally, in some of his writings. Now it must be remembered that, before his conversion, he had been a Samaritan. The Samaritans had an unorthodox Theology, which they had derived in part from the Pagans near Assyria and Babylonia, the matrix of Chiliasm. Second Kings 17:24f and Ezra 4:1f & 9:1f cf. John 4:9-22. Some of those views may well have carried over into an 'Occasional Chiliasm' in Justin ¾ even after his conversion to the Christian phase of his life.

(33) Justin's 'Occasional Chiliasm' sui generis ¾ which was strongly anti-pretribulationistic ¾ was followed possibly by Pothinus in A.D. 175 and more probably (around 185) by Irenaeus. Around 220, there were some similar influences on Tertullian ¾ though only with very important and extremely optimistic (if not perhaps even postmillennial modifications and implications). On the other hand, 'Christian Chiliastic' ideas were indeed advocated in 240 by Commodian; in 250 by the Egyptian Bishop Nepos in his Refutation of Allegorists; in 260 by the almost unknown Coracion; and in 310 by Lactantius.

(34) It is true these few Christian leaders did advocate the chiliastic teaching of "two resurrections." Yet they differed from most modern Premillennialists in many ways. For they denied that, since Calvary, the Jews are in any way "God's Chosen People." They also denied it was predicted the Jews would return to Palestine. And they were all anti-pretribulationistic.

(35) Justin Martyr, for instance, believed that the Gentile Christians would ultimately live in Jerusalem. Irenaeus was an Anti-Judaistic Covenant Theologian. Tertullian expected a massive World-wide conversion of the Gentiles prior to the millennium.³⁰ The premillennial views of Bishop Nepos were grossly materialistic. Commodian believed in the establishment of the New Jerusalem before the millennium. And Lactantius (who frequently quoted from pagan sources to support his views) believed that the Non-Christian Gentiles would be enslaved during the thousand years. What modern Dispensationalist would agree with any of these views?

(36) Justin Martyr also preserved many of the emphases of the Postmillennialism of the Christian Church before his time. Thus he taught "that the Gentiles would repent.... The prophecy of Micah [4:1f]...is as follows: 'In the last days, the mountain of the Lord shall be manifest, established on the top of the mountains. It shall be exalted above the hills, and people shall flow unto it. And many nations shall go and say: "Come, let us go up to the mountain of the Lord and to the House of the God of Jacob!"'.... For it is plain that ¾ though beheaded and crucified and and thrown to wild beasts and chains and fire and all other kinds of torture, we do not give up our confession! But the more such things happen ¾ the more others and in larger numbers become faithful, and worshippers of God through the Name of Jesus."

(37) Very significantly, there is no Chiliasm whatsoever in Justin's Fragments of the Lost Work of Justin in the Resurrection. Indeed, even in the main thrust of his locus classicus on Chiliasm within his Dialogue with Trypho the chiliazed Judaist, Justin simply says: "There will be a resurrection of the dead.... In short, the eternal resurrection and judgment of all men would likewise take place."²⁵

(38) The A.D. 165 Tatian was strongly anti-premillennialistic. Thus he insisted: "We believe that there will be a resurrection of bodies after the consummation of all things.... A resurrection once and for all, when our periods of existence are completed ¾ and in consequence solely of the constitution of things under which men alone live, for the purpose of passing judgment upon them!"

(39) The A.D. 183 Apologist Athenagoras is clearly anti-chiliastic. "It is not our belief alone," he argues, "that bodies will raise again.... Many Philosophers also hold the same view.... Nothing hinders according to Pythagoras and Plato, that when the dissolution of bodies takes place ¾ they should from the very same elements of which they were constructed at first, be reconstructed.... All human beings who die, rise again.... All are to rise again ¾ those who have died in infancy, as well as others."

(40) "It will be well to prove our proposition by...the reward or punishment due to each man, in accordance with righteous judgment.... Man must also bear the recompense [due] for the sins committed...such as adultery, murder, theft, rapine, dishonour to parents, and every desire in general that tends to the injury and loss of our neighbours.... There must by all means be a resurrection of the bodies which are dead.... The reward or punishment of lives ill or well spent, is proportioned to the merit of each."

(41) Only in some parts of his writings, does the A.D. 185 Irenaeus lean toward the erroneous "two resurrections" teaching of Chiliasm. Elsewhere, he rightly seems to be arguing in favour of one simultaneous physical resurrection of both the godly and the wicked. Thus in his Against Heresies, he writes that Christ "Himself declares: 'The hour shall come, in which all the dead who are in the tombs shall hear the voice of the Son of man and shall come forth; those who have done good to the resurrection of life, and those that have done evil to the resurrection of judgment' [John 5:28]."

(42) Yet again, Irenaeus seems to acknowledge that the "first resurrection" is purely spiritual; and only what some term the 'second resurrection' is physical. "This," he insists, "is what the Lord declared: 'Happy are those servants whom the Lord, when He comes, shall find watching' [Luke 12:37f].... Again, John also says the very same in the Apocalypse: 'Blessed and holy is he who has part in the first resurrection' [Revelation 20:6].... 'After these things, the Lord shall remove us men far away ¾ and those who remain shall multiply upon the Earth' [Isaiah 6:11]."

(43) Now "all these and other words," explains the Anti-Pretribulationist Irenaeus, "were unquestionably spoken in reference to the resurrection of the just ¾ which takes place after the coming of Antichrist...in [the times of] which [resurrection] the righteous shall reign on the Earth...[with respect to] those whom the Lord shall find in the flesh awaiting Him from Heaven, and who have suffered tribulation as well as escaped the hands of the wicked one." Indeed, in a fragment of Irenaeus preserved in the Parallela of John of Damascus, one even reads "that [our] bodies also do rise again" and "that to each body its own soul shall be restored.... It shall not receive bodies diverse from what they had been" but rather "as they departed this life ¾ in sins or in righteous actions.... Such as...were in un-belief...shall...faithfully be judged." Where here is there any teaching about "two resurrections"?!

(44) Wrote Clement of Alexandria in A.D. 190, quite anti-chiliastically: "The word of our Teacher [Jesus Christ] did not remain in Judea alone.... But it was diffused over the whole World, over every nation and village and town ¾ already bringing whole houses over to the truth.... Our doctrine at its very first proclamation was prohibited by kings and tyrants.... But it flourishes the more.... The Father of our Lord, by the resurrection of Jesus Christ...according to your faith, rises again in us.... In the resurrection, the soul returns to the body, and both are joined to one another."

(45) The A.D. 210 Caius of Rome was even more anti-chiliastic. He said that the Gnostic heretic "Cerinthus, through 'revelations' he would have us believe were written by a great Apostle, brings before us 'marvellous things' which he pretends were shown him by Angels; alleging that after the resurrection...the flesh dwells in Jerusalem.... And, being an enemy to the Scripture of God ¾ wishing to deceive men, he says there is to be a space of a thousand years for marriage festivals!"

(46) Was Tertullian a premillennialistic Chiliast ¾ or a Historic Postmillennialist? Probably, he was a rare mixture of both! At times, he speaks of eternity as following immediately after the resurrection. Even his Against Marcion, while indeed teaching the resurrection of the just "sooner or later" and "within" the thousand years, nevertheless says nothing about the resurrection of the unjust unto damnation at the end of the thousand years. All of this is, of course, quite reconcilable with non-chiliastic views. Indeed, Tertullian's Apology seems to indicate he believed Jesus was coming to judge all people simultaneously. Also Tertullian's frequently-quoted work called Shows, does not establish that he was chiliastic.

(47) "After the casting of the Devil into the bottomless pit for a while [Revelation 20:2]" ¾ explains Tertullian ¾ "the blessed prerogative of the first resurrection may be ordained from the thrones [Revelation 20:4-6].... Then again, after the consignment of him to the fire [Revelation 20:10]..., the judgment of the final and universal resurrection may be determined out of the books [Revelation 20:12-14]."

(48) Yet perhaps his work On the Resurrection of the Flesh, taken in conjunction with his Antidote for the Scorpion's Sting, does imply some or other unique kind of 'Chiliasm.' However, even that is not absolutely clear. For it does not unimpeachably teach that the first resurrection is physical.

(49) In chapter 25 of his Resurrection of the Flesh, Tertullian seems to reject Chiliasm. He says: "The very maintenance of this spiritual resurrection, amounts to a presumption in favour of the other bodily resurrection. For if none were announced for that time ¾ there would be fair ground for asserting only this 'purely spiritual resurrection.' Inasmuch, however, as (a resurrection) is proclaimed for the last time ¾ it is proved to be a bodily one, because there is no spiritual one also then announced. For why make a second announcement of a resurrection of only one character ¾ that is, the spiritual one ¾ since this ought to be undergoing accomplishment either now, without any regard to different times, or else then at the very conclusion of all the periods? It is therefore more competent for us even to maintain a spiritual resurrection at the commencement of a life of faith ¾ we who acknowledge the full completion thereof at the end of the World."

(50) Furthermore, Tertullian rejected the 'any moment return' of Christ to this Earth ¾ of all Dispensationalists and of most Premillennialists. For he denied that Christ would come again, until after the Pagan Roman State had first fallen away. The latter would only start occurring fully a century after his death, at its nominal christianization in A.D. 321 and further at its yet-later demise into ten kingdoms (in about A.D. 500f) after the A.D. 476 overthrow of the Western Roman Empire by the Barbarians. For only then would Antichrist (cf. the Romish Papacy from A.D. 606 onward) start to be introduced upon the ruins of the Roman Empire.

(51) On Tertullian's anti-dispensationalistic eschatological optimism regarding the successful course of the Gospel in our present World here and now, he says: "'All kings shall fall down before Him.... All nations shall serve Him.' To Whom shall all thus do homage, but Christ? ... In Solomon was no nation blessed; in Christ, every nation!" Tertullian also writes: "The Lord sent the Paraclete...so that...discipline should, little by little, be...carried on to perfection.... What then is the Paraclete's administrative office but this: the direction of discipline; the revelation of the Scriptures; the reformation of the intellect; the advancement toward the 'better things'?"

(52) The A.D. 230 Origen was clearly postmillennialistic. Wrote he: "Thus says Holy Scripture: 'The Lord said to My Lord, "Keep on sitting at My right hand, until I make Your enemies Your footstool!"' [Psalm 110:1].... 'For Christ must keep on reigning until He has put all enemies under His feet [First Corinthians 15:25].... 'For all things must be put under Him' [First Corinthians 15:27f].... The Lord Himself in the Gospel...declares that these same results are future.... They are to be brought about by His own intercession" ¾ and not by His final visible Parousia! "Thus the divine likeness itself already appears to advance" ¾ toward its eschatological goal.

(53) Origen further stated in his Against Celsus: "It is evident that even the Barbarians, when they yield obedience to the Word of God, will become most obedient to the Law.... Every form of worship will be destroyed except the Christian Religion, which alone will prevail. And indeed it will one day triumph ¾ as its principles take possession of the minds of men more and more every day."

(54) It is sometimes claimed that Cyprian and Methodius were Chiliasts. Such claims are not true! The A.D. 258 Cyprian was not a Premillennialist. For he clearly believed that Christ's next Coming would immediately be followed by the Final Judgment. Nor was the A.D. 300 Methodius a Chiliast. For he too believed that the resurrection would immediately be followed by Judgment Day ¾ and then by the eternal state.

(55) Wrote Cyprian (during a time of great persecution): "Let us be armed, beloved brethren, with our whole strength! And let us be prepared for the struggle with an uncorrupted mind; with a sound faith; with a devoted courage! Let the camp of God go forth to the battlefield which has been appointed to us! Let the sound ones be armed ¾ lest he who is sound, should lose the advantage of having stood lately! Let the lapsed also be armed ¾ so that even the lapsed may regain what he has lost...; taking the shield of faith, with which you shall be able to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked one.... The Church, which before had been barren, will have more children from among the Gentiles.... Christ our God...[is] the Enlightener and Saviour of the human race."

(56) It was Victorinus who, right after the fiercest-ever persecution of Christians, in A.D. 300 wrote the first extant commentary on the Book of Revelation. It is clearly anti-chiliastic ¾ and postmillennialistic. Wrote Victorinus on Revelation 6:1-2: "The first seal being opened, he [the Apostle John] says he saw a white horse, and a crowned Horseman having a bow.... After the Lord ascended into Heaven and opened all things, He sent the Holy Spirit Whose words the Preachers sent forth like arrows, reaching to the human heart ¾ so that they might overcome unbelief.... For [in Matthew 24:14] the Lord says: 'This Gospel shall be preached throughout the whole World for a testimony to all nations!'"

(57) Victorinus further added on Revelation 20:1-5: "Those years in which Satan is bound, are at the first advent of Christ even to the end of the age. And they are called a thousand, according to that mode of speaking in which a part is signified by the whole ¾ just as is that passage 'the Word which He commanded for a thousand generations' (although they are not a thousand).... He says that he [Satan] is bound and shut up so that he may not keep on seducing the nations. 'The nations' signifies the Church ¾ seeing that it is itself being formed from them.... The 'first resurrection' is now, of the souls that are by the Faith which does not permit men to pass over to 'the second death.' Of this resurrection, the Apostle says: 'If you have risen with Christ ¾ keep on seeking those things which are above!'"

(58) After the A.D. 313 accession of Constantine as the first Christian Emperor in Rome, the previously-persecuted Church was greatly advantaged. Exulted Eusebius around 321f: "Especially we who placed our hopes in the Christ of God, had unspeakable gladness.... A certain inspired joy bloomed for all of us ¾ when we saw every place (which shortly before had been desolated by the impieties of the tyrants) reviving as if from a long and death-fraught pestilence, and temples again rising from their foundations to an immense height and receiving a splendour far greater than the old ones which had been destroyed.... 'For the Lord remembered us in our low estate, and delivered us from our adversaries!' (Psalm 136:23f)."

(59) None of the above Early Church Fathers ¾ from the A.D. 66f Apostles John and Barnabas, down to the A.D. 321f Eusebius ¾ would feel at home among modern Pretribulationists (of whatever variety). After the nominal christianization of the Roman Empire by the first Christian Emperor Constantine in A.D. 321f ¾ even the anti-pretribulationist kind of 'Christian Chiliasm' of Justin, Irenaeus and Tertullian died out for more than twelve centuries. It was hardly ever heard of again ¾ until revived not by the Lutheran and Calvinistic Protestants but instead by the Non-Protestant Dutch Anabaptists.

(60) From the time of John's Revelation in A.D. 66f down to the time of Justin Martyr almost a century later, there is no trace of Chiliasm in any of the extant writings of Christian Scholars. Though "Christian Chiliasm" did have a few genuinely-Christian advocates between the times of Justin Martyr in A.D. 150 and Lactantius in A.D. 310, it had none whatsoever in the many centuries since Constantine until almost the end of the Late Middle Ages.

(61) So-called 'Amillennialism' ¾ is really postmillennial. For it too rightly says Christ will return visibly to resurrect all people simultaneously unto Final Judgment ¾ only at the end of the millennium (however conceived). Even if modern 'Amillennialists' do not wish to be called Postmillennialists ¾ all of them and also Premillennialists too need to know that each and every Early Church Father before the A.D. 150 Justin Martyr ¾ was a non-chiliastic Postmillennialist (whether a consistent optimist, or whether somewhat less hopeful). So too was every Church Father from A.D. 230 until A.D. 300 ¾ from Origen of Caesarea to Victorinus of Pettau.

(62) So too was each and every Early Church Father from the A.D. 321f Eusebius onward ¾ such as Athanasius, Ephraim, Basil, Hilary, Cyril, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory Nazianzen, Ambrose, Chrysostom, Jerome, Augustine, Vincent of Lerinum, and Gregory the Great. So too were Bede of Yarrow, Alcuin of York, Bruno of Segni, Anselm of Canterbury, Joachim of Floris, Thomas Aquinas, Roger Bacon, Pierre d'Olivi, Ubertino of Casale, John Wycliffe, Matthias of Janow, Nicholas de Cusa, Savanarola, and Christopher Columbus. So too were all of the Protestant Reformers ¾ including Luther and Calvin.

(63) Rev. Prof. Dr. Martin Luther wrote: "In the beginning, the Church was victorious over...the Jews and the might of the Romans. In like manner, she will today and forever be victorious...over the Pope and the power of the Turk.... The Pope is the last blaze in the lamp which will go out, and ere long be extinguished.... But when he is struck with God's Word ¾ then the Pope is turned to a poppy and a frothy flower!"

(64) In his Institutes III:25:5, Rev. Prof. Dr. John Calvin rejects the 'heavenly millennium' theory (held also by many modern 'Amillennialists') ¾ as well as the views of "the Chiliasts" or the Premillennialists "who limited the reign of Christ to a thousand years.... Those who assign only a thousand years to the children of God to enjoy... observe not how great an insult they offer to Christ and His Kingdom.... If their blessedness is to have an end, the Kingdom of Christ...is temporary. In short, they are either most ignorant of all divine things ¾ or they maliciously aim at subverting the whole grace of God and power of Christ which cannot have their full effect unless sin is obliterated, death swallowed up, and eternal life fully renewed."

(65) This chiliastic "fiction" and "dream" (says Calvin), is "too puerile to need or to deserve refutation." Nor do they "receive any countenance from the Apocalypse (viz. Revelation 20:4), from which it is known that they extracted a gloss for their error ¾ since the thousand years there mentioned, refer not to the eternal blessedness of the Church, but only to" those events "which await the Church Militant in this World" (and thus here on Earth).

(66) In his Psychopannychia, Calvin adds: "John has described a twofold resurrection...; namely one [resurrection] of the soul, before judgment ¾ and another when the body will be raised up and when the soul also will be raised up to glory. 'Blessed,' says he, 'are those who have part in the first resurrection; on them the second death takes no effect' (Revelation 20:6).... That first resurrection...is the only entrance ¾ to beatific glory."

(67) Calvin wrote too: "Salvation to the whole World was to proceed.... The glory...will diffuse its splendour far and wide.... God Himself will cause the beams of His grace to shine into distant lands ¾ so that kings and nations may be united ¾ into fellowship with the children of Abraham.... It would be extended ¾ to the uttermost boundaries of the Earth..., so as to occupy the whole World."

(68) Calvin continues: "The whole World will be brought into subjection to the authority of Christ.... The nations will be convinced that nothing is more desirable than to receive from Him Laws and Ordinances.... David therefore with good reason prays that the glory of the Divine Name may fill the whole Earth ¾ since that Kingdom was to be extended even to the uttermost boundaries of the Globe."

(69) The genius of Geneva further insists: "Our doctrine must stand sublime above all the glory of the World, and invincible by all its power. Because it is not ours, but that of the Living God and His Anointed Whom the Father has appointed King so that He may rule from Sea to Sea and from the rivers even to the ends of the Earth ¾ and so rule, as to smite the whole Earth...with the mere Rod of His Mouth and break them into pieces like a potter's vessel according to the magnificent predictions of the Prophets respecting His Kingdom. Daniel 2:34; Isaiah 11:4; Psalm 2:9."

(70) Calvin's Student John Knox taught the same in Scotland: "Perceiving how Satan in his members, the Antichrist of our time, cruelly rages seeking to downthring and to destroy the Evangel of Christ and His Congregation, we ought according to our bounden duty to strive in our Master's cause even unto death ¾ being certain of the victory in Him.... Arise, O Lord, and let Thine enemies be confounded! Let them who hate Thy godly Name flee from Thy presence! Give Thy servants strength to speak Thy Word with boldness! And let all nations cleave to the true knowledge of Thee!"

(71) John Knox and Mrs. John Calvin's brother-in-law William Whittingham wrote the Calvinistic Geneva Bible. That declares: "Christ [is the Stone] Who was sent by God...Whose Kingdom at the beginning would be small" ¾ but which "would at length grow and fill the whole Earth.... The Jews...and the Gentiles ¾ shall embrace Christ.... The World shall be restored to a new life.... The time shall come that the whole nation of the Jews, though not every one particularly, shall be joined to the Church of Christ."

(72) The Heidelberg Catechism of Olevianus and Ursinus proclaims: "Thy Kingdom come! That is, so govern us by Thy Word and Spirit ¾ so that we may submit ourselves more and more to Thee! Preserve and increase Thy Church! Destroy the works of the Devil and all power that would exalt itself against Thee and also all wicked counsels devised against Thy Holy Word ¾ till the full perfection of Thy Kingdom shall have come! ... Do Thou therefore preserve and strengthen us by the power of Thy Holy Spirit, so that we may...not sink in this spiritual warfare but constantly and strenuously resist our foes till at last we obtain a complete victory!"

(73) The Belgic Confession of Guido de Bres declares: "We still use the testimonies taken out of the Law and the Prophets, to confirm us in the doctrine of the Gospel, and to regulate our life in all honesty to the glory of God according to His will.... We believe that our gracious God...will that the World should be governed by certain Laws.... For this purpose, He has committed the sword to the Magistrate.... Their office is...that they protect the sacred Ministry, and thus may remove and prevent all idolatry and false-worship, so that the kingdom of Antichrist may be destroyed and the Kingdom of Christ promoted."

(74) This same postmillennial perspective was promoted also by Theodore Beza, William Perkins, Richard Hakluyt, John Foxe, James the First, Thomas Brightman, J.H. Alsted, Richard Sibbes, Gijsbert Voetius, Samuel Rutherford, John Cotton, William Twisse, and the Westminster Assembly of 1643f. Thus the Westminster Larger Catechism of British Calvinists states that "Christ executeth the office of a King in calling...a people...and giving them...Laws...by which He visibly governs them...and [in] overcoming all their enemies." In the Lord's Prayer the phrase 'The Kingdom come!' is a petition "that the kingdom of sin and Satan may be destroyed, the Gospel propagated throughout the World, the Jews called, the fullness of the Gentiles brought in" ¾ and that the Church be "furnished with all Gospel-Officers and ordinances; purged from corruption; [and be] countenanced and maintained by the Civil Magistrate."

(75) The Westminster Confession of Faith, which states that God "hath ordained the Civil Magistrates to be under Him...for His Own glory and the publick good...[and] hath armed them with the power of the sword for the defence and encouragement of those that are good and for the punishment of evil-doers." It was expanded even further in the Savoy Declaration of 1658. That says: "There is no other Head of the Church but the Lord Jesus Christ.... The Pope of Rome...is that Antichrist...whom the Lord shall destroy.... In the latter days ¾ Antichrist being destroyed, the Jews called and the adversaries of the Kingdom of His dear Son broken ¾ the churches of Christ, being enlarged and edified through a free and plentiful communication of light and grace, shall enjoy in this World a more quiet...and glorious condition than they have enjoyed" till now.

(76) Also after the Westminster Assembly, the postmillennial perspective has been championed by a great cloud of witnesses almost too great even to number. Of such, we here mention only: Owen, Eliot, Van Riebeeck, Dickson, Charnock, Greenhill, Samuel Lee, Brooks, John Brown of Wamphray, Essenius, Spener, Bunyan, Cocceius, Newton, Howe, Cameron, Durham, Witsius, the Mathers, Koelman, Baxter, Vitringa, Matthew Henry, Brakel, Boston, Lampe, Fleming, Willison, Lowman, Edwards, Whitefield, Bengel, the Wesleys, Doddridge, Gill, John Brown of Haddington, Flavel, Dwight, Fuller, Carey, Hopkins, Clarke, Haldane, Neander, Faber, Livingstone, Alexander, David Brown, Hengstenberg, Paton, Barnes, Thornwell, Fairbairn, Spurgeon, the Hodges, Martensen, Dabney, Andrew Murray, Trench, Dorner, John Kennedy, Shedd, Symington, Candlish, Meyer, Girardeau, Schaff, Strong, Warfield, MacFarlane, Snowden, Machen, Schilder, Zwemer, Carroll, Craig, Boettner, Gerstner, John Murray, Kik, R.B. Kuiper, Latourette, Van Til, and Rushdoony.

(77) We summarize. None of the books of the Bible nor any extant writings of the Earliest Church Fathers ¾ such as the Didachee or Teaching of the Twelve Apostles (A.D. 97), the Epistle of Barnabas (98), Clement of Rome (98), Hermas (100), Ignatius (107), Quadratus (120), the Epistle to Diognetus (130), Pseudo-Clement (135), Polycarp (140), or Papias (145) ¾ are chiliastic. With the exception of the Mid-Patristic Justin (150), Irenaeus (185), Tertullian (200) and those who followed them ¾ none of the later Patristic Fathers were Chiliasts.

(78) In fact, all mainline Ante-Nicene Fathers even after Justin ¾ in spite of living during times when the Church was often persecuted by the Pagan Roman Empire ¾ strongly opposed Chiliasm and all other forms of Escapism. Thus Tatian (A.D. 155), Theophilus (170), Melito (173), Claudius Apollinarius (175), Hegesippus (178), Athenagoras (185), Clement of Alexandria (190), Caius (210), Hippolytus (220), Origen (230), Dionysius of Alexandria (255), Cyprian (258), Methodius (290), Victorinus (300), and the writers of the 310 Apostolic Constitutions.

(79) Even throughout that period, the vast majority of Christian Leaders maintained their eschatological optimism. Indeed, the only reason why even then (and indeed only from the middle of the second century onward) just a minority of Christians adopted any form of Chiliasm at all ¾ would seem to be because of the eschatological pessimism which plagued that minority in their sufferings under the Pagan-Roman persecutions from 150 until 313 A.D.

(80) After the triumph of Christianity at the nominal christianization of Pagan Rome (in A.D. 313-321), the chiliastic "double resurrections" theory was phased out of Christianity altogether ¾ for more than a thousand years. During the subsequent Post-Constantinian centuries of victorious Christianity, there are no traces of Chiliasm. It is totally absent from all of the many writings of Eusebius (A.D. 330), Athanasius (340), Aphrahat (350), Ephraim (360), Hilary (365), Basil (370), Cyril (375), Gregory of Nyssa (380), Gregory Nazianzen (385), Ambrose (390), Chrysostom (400), Sulpicius Severus (410), Jerome (415), and the mature Augustine of Hippo-Regius (420).

(81) Furthermore, it is also totally absent in all of the (strongly optimistic) Post-Augustinian Theologians right down to the climax of Christian influence in the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation and in Puritanism in the middle of the seventeenth century. Both the Early Lutherans and the Early Calvinists condemned Premillennialism. Instead, the Westminster Larger Cate-chism (QQ. 191f) and the Savoy Declaration (26:4f) implicitly re-assert the Biblical Postmillennialism of the Earliest Church Fathers.

(82) Only little groups like the Dutch Anabaptists and their successors kept the chiliastic theory alive on the very fringes of Christianity during those centuries after the Protestant Reformation. Indeed, prior to the advent of that great opponent of Christian Civilization ¾ the 1789 French Revolution (and her subsequent daughters of Humanism and Socialism) ¾ Chiliasm was all but unknown. Not until Europe in the 1830s, did Revolutionary Pretribulationism ever develop. And it is only since then that the modern revolutionary trend ¾ with its ungodly opposition to and persecution of the truth ¾ has turned some Christians (by way of frustration) away from victory in this present age, and toward rapturistic defeatism.

(83) It is necessary for Christians to overcome the alien revolutionary spirit now prevalent in our modern World! The People of God today must con-quer the pessimistic spirit of Quasi-Christian defeatism which modern Anti-Christ-ian Revolutionists would so gladly encourage among Christians.

(84) The Church of the twenty-first century must recovery the optimistic spirit of a victorious Christianity ¾ that of Jesus' first-century Apostles; of His second-century Apostolic Fathers; of His third-century Martyrs; of His fourth-century Conquerors; of His mediaeval Corpus Christianum Theologians; of His sixteenth-century Protestant Reformers; and of His seventeenth-century Puritans. The Church of the twenty-first century must ditch Premillennialism and instead become a Church of Overcomers. For there is absolutely no substitute ¾ for Christian Victory.

(85) So then, in the words of John's Revelation (15:4 & 20:6 & 21:24-26): "Who shall not fear You, O Lord, and glorify Your Name? For You alone are holy. For all nations shall come and worship before You.... They shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with Him a thousand years.... The nations shall walk in the light [of the Holy City].... The kings of the Earth...shall bring the glory and honour of the nations into it!"

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